“The Soviet Union would dominate the Middle East and South Asia, while Germany and Italy would control Europe and North Africa, and Japan would oversee East Asia.”

IN LATE 1940, with Europe in turmoil and World War II in full swing, an unusual diplomatic episode unfolded: high-ranking German and Soviet officials gathered in Berlin to explore the possibility of a broader alliance. Known as the German-Soviet Axis talks, these negotiations marked an unexpected chapter in the tense and complex relationship between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.

While Germany and the Soviet Union had signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1939—pledging non-aggression and dividing parts of Eastern Europe between them—Hitler’s ambitions for expansion were beginning to chafe against Soviet interests.

Ultimately, the Berlin talks failed, revealing the incompatibility of Nazi and Soviet goals and setting the stage for the German invasion of the Soviet Union less than a year later. However had the two dictatorships managed to reach an accord, it’s inconceivable that the Allies would have prevailed in the Second World War and our world would look much different today.

Early Cooperation

The 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact had shocked the world. Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, ideological opposites, agreed not only to avoid military conflict but also to carve up parts of Eastern Europe between them. This pact enabled Hitler to invade Poland without fearing Soviet retaliation, setting off World War II, and allowed Stalin to secure Soviet influence over parts of Eastern Europe, including the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania.

Following this pact, Germany and the Soviet Union maintained a cooperative—albeit uneasy—relationship. They exchanged resources and intelligence, with the Soviet Union supplying Germany with essential raw materials, including oil and grain. However, as Germany gained ground in Western Europe, Hitler’s ambitions increasingly extended to the Soviet territories, sparking tension. Despite their agreement, both Hitler and Stalin understood that their collaboration was built on convenience, not trust.

The Berlin Talks: November 1940

By late 1940, Hitler faced mounting challenges in Europe, particularly after Britain remained defiant following the Battle of Britain. In a bid to strengthen his strategic position, Hitler hoped to expand the Axis alliance to include the Soviet Union, Japan, and Italy. He invited Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov to Berlin for discussions, intending to explore whether the Soviet Union might join the Axis and support German plans in Europe and beyond.

Molotov arrived in Berlin in mid-November, where he was greeted by German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. During the talks, Ribbentrop proposed a plan to divide the world into spheres of influence between the Axis powers and the Soviet Union. Under this arrangement, the Soviet Union would dominate the Middle East and South Asia, while Germany and Italy would control Europe and North Africa, and Japan would oversee East Asia.

Hitler and Ribbentrop envisioned that by aligning with the Axis, the Soviet Union would help Germany consolidate its gains in Europe and provide support in securing resources from Asia and the Middle East. To Ribbentrop’s frustration, however, Molotov was wary of Germany’s intentions and had his own demands. Instead of embracing the proposed Axis alliance, Molotov sought assurances on Soviet interests in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, areas Germany was increasingly eager to influence.

The Balkans and Soviet Security

The discussions soon stalled over irreconcilable interests, especially concerning the Balkans. Molotov demanded German acknowledgment of Soviet claims over Bulgaria and its security interests in the region. Stalin had his eye on the Balkans as a critical buffer zone for Soviet security, and he also sought to expand Soviet influence in the Dardanelles, the strategic waterway connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.

Hitler and Ribbentrop, however, were unwilling to cede influence in the Balkans. Germany had already begun establishing alliances in the region, including with Romania, which held valuable oil resources critical to the German war effort. Acknowledging Soviet interests there would jeopardize Germany’s strategic plans, and Hitler saw little benefit in yielding ground. Moreover, as Hitler’s aspirations increasingly turned toward Soviet territory itself, he was loath to strengthen Stalin’s position in Europe.

Molotov’s probing questions about German intentions in Eastern Europe, including Finland and Romania, made Hitler increasingly uncomfortable. The Soviet Union had already annexed parts of Finland during the Winter War and had forced Romania to cede territories to the USSR in 1940, creating points of friction. While Hitler feigned agreement on some issues to keep the talks alive, he privately resented Soviet encroachment and saw it as a direct threat to Germany’s interests.

Negotiations Break Down

Ultimately, the talks collapsed. Hitler’s refusal to recognize Soviet interests in the Balkans, coupled with Molotov’s skepticism of German plans, made any meaningful agreement impossible. Molotov returned to Moscow empty-handed, with little optimism for further cooperation. Stalin, aware of Germany’s reluctance to commit, was becoming increasingly cautious, ordering Soviet forces to strengthen their western defenses.

The failure of the Berlin talks marked a critical turning point in the German-Soviet relationship. Hitler had already begun planning for Operation Barbarossa, the massive invasion of the Soviet Union, which he saw as essential to achieving his vision of Lebensraum—living space for the German people. In his mind, the Soviet Union was both a land of valuable resources and a key ideological rival that would ultimately have to be conquered.

Aftermath

On June 22, 1941, less than a year after the failed Berlin talks, Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, initiating the largest invasion in military history. The move shattered the uneasy peace between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, plunging both nations into a brutal, existential struggle that would reshape the course of World War II.

The failed German-Soviet Axis talks of 1940 underscored the inherent incompatibility between Hitler’s and Stalin’s ambitions. Although temporarily aligned by pragmatic concerns, the two regimes were ultimately driven by opposing goals and ideologies. The talks’ failure highlighted how mutual distrust and conflicting interests made a lasting alliance impossible, sealing the fate of both nations in a war that would redefine Europe and the world.