“Of the war’s more than 22 million casualties, a staggering 11,000 were killed or wounded during that last morning of fighting.”
OF THE MILLIONS OF STORIES OF SACRIFICE AND LOSS to come out of the First World War, perhaps George Edwin Ellison’s is the most moving.
By the autumn of 1918, the native of Leeds, England was something of a legend among his squad mates; the 40-year-old career soldier was still alive and kicking after four punishing years of trench warfare. It was no small accomplishment for a Tommy on the Western Front. After all, the British Army had been effectively wiped out and reconstituted with fresh volunteers and conscripts several times over since the start of the conflict.
As a member of the 5th Irish Lancers, Ellison fought in the BEF’s first actions in 1914 and would go on to survive the bloody slaughter at Ypres, Armentières, Loos and Cambrai. [1]
Tragically, it was on the war’s very last day that the middle-aged private’s luck finally ran out. At precisely 9:30 a.m. local time, Nov. 11, 1918 – George Edwin Ellison perished in a firefight while on patrol in western Belgium. His death came just four hours after the war-ending Armistice was signed at Compiègne; but 90 minutes before the 11 o’clock ceasefire was to go into effect.
Ironically, the ill-fated trooper fell near Mons, the site of his very first battle way back in 1914. Four years later, British generals had ordered an assault on the town knowing full well that the war’s end was at hand. They believed depriving the enemy of the ground upon which England had suffered its first defeat of the conflict was a symbolic triumph too rich to pass up. [2]
Ellison was laid to rest in a small military cemetery near the town. By a strange coincidence, his plot is adjacent to the grave of the very first British soldier to be killed in the war — A 16 year-old private from the 4th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment named John Parr. [3]
The Last Barrage
Sadly, Ellison wasn’t the only one to fall in the conflict’s final hours. In fact, out of the war’s more than 22 million casualties, a staggering 11,000 were killed or wounded during that last morning of fighting.
Despite the fact that commanders on both sides knew as early as 5:30 a.m. that the war would end in less than six hours, many generals ordered their troops to fight on. Some hoped to secure additional ground in case the cease-fire collapsed later; others simply wanted to land a few final blows on the enemy. [4] A number of artillery units ordered barrages that morning for no other reason than to avoid having to lug crates of unused ordnance to the rear once the guns were silent. [5]
The Final Few
Private First Class Augustin-Joseph Trébuchon was the last Frenchman to die in action during the so-called War to End All Wars. With the cease-fire only 15 minutes away, the former shepherd and 1914 volunteer was making for the Allied lines along the Meuse River clutching what he believed was a vital communiqué. At precisely 10:45, a sniper’s bullet rang out killing the 40-year-old Trébuchon instantly. The message he carried read: “Muster at 11:30 for food.” [6] More than 90 other men from the same unit died that morning in heavy fighting. It’s unclear how many Germans perished in the action.
Just moments before 11 a.m., a 25-year-old Canadian infantryman from Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan named George Price was shot dead while chasing a section of retreating Germans through the streets of the Belgian town of Ville-Sure-Haine. After briefly taking cover in a small cottage, the young private darted out into the road in hot pursuit of the enemy and was struck in the chest by a rifle round. It was 10:58 a.m.
At almost the same moment 230 km to the south in the Meuse Argonne sector, a 23-year-old American private named Henry Gunther was single-handedly charging an enemy machine gun nest. The Baltimore native and son of German immigrants had been drafted into the U.S. Army a year earlier. After serving as a supply sergeant, Gunther was busted to private when a military censor reported him for criticizing the war in a letter home. Determined to win back his stripes, Gunther spent the final weeks of the conflict volunteering for dangerous assignments. [7] With the war’s end just seconds away, the former bookkeeper fixed his bayonet and sprinted towards an enemy position as his comrades stayed in their foxholes. The Germans opposite the Allied lines realized that peace was at hand and frantically tried to wave off the advancing doughboy. As the American closed to within grenade-throwing range, they had no choice but to open fire. Henry Gunther died at 10:59 a.m. He was posthumously restored to the rank of sergeant and awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.
In all, more than 4,000 Germans also became casualties in the war’s final morning. There seems to be no clear indication of which of them was the last to fall. Some speculate that it might have been a lieutenant by the name of Tomas. According to one account, the young officer was struck down in a hail of gunfire by U.S. troops several minutes after the truce while attempting a parlay. His killers were supposedly unaware that it was after 11 a.m. [8]
Misery Without End
Sadly, for millions the unprecedented bloodletting of the First World War would only continue after Nov. 11, 1918.
Fighting would rage on in Russia between the Bolsheviks and counter revolutionary forces for another four years. A multi-national expeditionary force consisting of British, American, Canadian, French, Italian and even Japanese troops would take part in operations against the Red Army in the Far East. Another foreign campaign would take place in northern Russia.
The collapse of Germany and the polyglot Austrian-Hungarian Empire would also spark years of bloody nationalist unrest. Poland for its part would fight in five different wars with its neighbours in as many years.
Germany too would be racked with civil strife and political violence well into 1919.
The First World War was also indirectly responsible for a staggering 50 to 100 million additional deaths worldwide, thanks to the Spanish Flu epidemic of 1918 to 1919. The deadly strain of influenza first spread through the densely packed trenches and army barracks on both sides throughout 1918. At first, news of the outbreak was suppressed by military censors out of fear that the spreading illness would sap waning wartime morale. The virus was soon ravaging whole civilian populations throughout Europe and North America leaving millions of dead in its wake. Canadian historian Andrew Price Smith theorizes that the pandemic, which hit the weak and under-fed populations of Central Europe with particular ferocity, was possibly a factor in the speedy collapse of Germany and Austria in the war’s final months [9]. Ironically, the virus became known as the Spanish Flu, not because it emanated from Spain, but rather because the government in Madrid didn’t attempt to suppress news of the disaster.
SOURCES:
http://hubpages.com/hub/World-War-One-The-Last-Morning
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7696021.stm
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/november_11_1918.htm
(NOTE: A previous version of this story appeared on MilitaryHistoryNow.com on Nov. 11, 2013)
Great article, thanks
My grandmother’s brother from Cavan, Thomas Smyth, was one of those killed on the Somme. His body was never found. He’s commemorated on the monument at Thiepval.
My grandfather, C.C.Wofford, was in charge of a battery of “big guns” (?), he was a math teacher before the war, so he calculated the trajectory for them. 3 days after the armistice was signed, he and another soldier were walking along a road when they were attacked by a German plane… my grandfather ran for the treeline, and the other young soldier went to the ground… and died there… 3 days after the armistice.
I offer that there were 100,000 Americans who died in World War I who should have never been there. Woodrow Wilson jumped into a war in which we had no dog. The United States had no business involving itself in a purely European conflict. England owned the world and Germany wanted a piece of it. Wilson found it easier to side with England because Britain owed the American bankers more than the Germans owed. Wilson had soft headed ideas about making the United States a player on the world stage. His influence was clearly ignored by the European leaders. We lost 100,000 men in a futile war.
Around 116,000 Americans died in the war, slightly less than half of them from combat. I find it quite repelant that an American (I presume you are American, John) would write their deaths off as futile. The Great War was fought by the allies against a power that sunk US ships without warning, killed US civilians in submarine attacks against civilian passenger liners and offered Mexico a slice of the southern US if they declared for the Central Powers. The same power had invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg in a war of aggression brought on by its own militarist ambitions and an intent to subjugate the whole of Europe, but if you still believe it was a futile war and that America had no dog in the fight, then perhaps you can console yourself with the knowledge that America bankrolled it to the extent that at its conclusion it was the only economic power left standing.
Those 100,000 brave Americans fought a war that was as justifiable to Americans as it was to Europeans. I for one offer up thanks to all of those who gave their last full measure.
It was futile . “The war to end all wars ” If only it was true ! Before you go all patriotic and Uncle Sam, 20 years later we were doing it all again in the same fields , streets , countries on an even bigger scale. Before WW2 was over we were preparing for WW3. We decided to rearm a 500,000 strong German army after WW2 ended. This was decided whilst WW2 was still raging, and what countries would dominate other regions. My family lost members in both wars before you start. America did very well financially from both wars. Funny how you don’t see many politicians or bankers buried in war cemeteries.
John Lawrence, your comments are a disgrace to the memory of every soldier who fought against tyranny in WW1 your isolationist views show the head in a bucket attitude of many Americans. Fortunately your kind are in the minority in the US. That is why the USA is the world policeman today. Those allied soldiers shall never be forgotten unlike you who will.
When you mention tyranny do you mean American tyranny? Like buying the Philippines and its people from Spain for $20 Million. Or New Yorks Jacob Schiff funding the 1917 bolshevik revolution in exchange for Russian mineral wealth? Or Americas extortionate lend lease plan? America as a world policeman ? Only to serve the banks or israeli interests.
This was very helpful due to the fact that im doing a project