“The U.S. military, expecting the resistance of a ‘fanatically hostile population’, were making preparations for between 1.7 and 4 million casualties.”
IT COULD BE called the world’s greatest battle… that never happened.
Operation Downfall, the codename for the U.S.-led mission to capture the Japanese homeland in 1945 and 1946 never did take place. Had the invasion not been preempted by the dropping of the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, almost all agree that the campaign would have stood as the bloodiest chapter of the Second World War, adding as many as 10 million additional dead (both civilian and military) to the war’s already mind-boggling final body count of 50 million.
Downfall was the brainchild of Admiral Chester Nimitz and generals Douglas MacArthur and George Marshall. It was comprised of two mammoth and separate amphibious operations.
The first phase, dubbed Operation Olympic was planned as a November, 1945 assault on the southernmost Japanese home island of Kyushu.
Phase two, Operation Coronet, was to kick off in March 1946 and would have involved a series of landings on the island of Honshu that were intended to put Allied ground forces within reach of Tokyo.
Olympic
The Olympic plan included 14 army divisions in the initial landings alone, supported by an armada of 400 destroyers, 24 battleships and a staggering 42 aircraft carriers.
The invasion force itself would hit 35 landing beaches that ringed the southern third of the island, all codenamed for cars: Buick, Cadillac, Stutz, etc.
Overhead, aircraft from the 20th, Fifth, Seventh and 13th air forces would pulverize Japanese airfields, communication lines and troop concentrations, while the guns of the naval forces would demolish coastal defences.
Supporting the operation would be a British Commonwealth fleet comprising the entire Pacific arm of the Royal Navy, which included up to 18 aircraft carriers and four battleships.
Once Operation Olympic had secured the southern portion of Kyushu, the stage would be set for the even larger second phase, Coronet.
Coronet
Scheduled for March, 1946 the landings on Honshu would use forces already committed along with significant numbers of fresh troops brought over from Europe.
A Commonwealth corps would include units from Australia, Britain and Canada. Aircraft from the RAF’s Bomber Command would also be redeployed from Europe for the final push.
All in all, Coronet would dwarf Olympic, using 25 army divisions in the initial assault alone – that’s more than twice the number of divisions committed to the opening of Operation Overlord in 1944.
The Japanese anticipated the objectives of the Allied invasion plans, although the leadership expected the blow to fall in the summer of 1945 immediately after the capture of Okinawa.
Strategy for Defence
The Japanese plan for this final battle was dubbed Ketsugo or “Decisive.”
While nearly four years of war had seen the Japanese fleet decimated, the Emperor’s forces planned to throw their remaining six carriers, four cruisers and one battleship, along with 350 midget submarines, 400 manned torpedoes and 800 suicide speed boats, into action against the Allied armada.
On the ground, Japan had a total of 900,000 troops formed into 65 divisions, although it only had weapons and ammunition for between 30 and 40 divisions. Almost all of these would be committed to the defence of Kyushu. Supporting the troops would be a 28-million-strong ad hoc militia army called the Patriotic Citizens Fighting Force. This was made up of all healthy males between the ages of 15 and 60 and women aged 17 to 40. These formations would go into battle almost completely unarmed. Many civilians were issued surplus rifles, antique muskets, bows and even sharpened bamboo pikes.
Japan’s air force would rely heavily on its Kamikaze pilots. More than 10,000 were expected to be used, primarily against troop transport ships.
Worst Case Scenarios
Both sides braced for heavy casualties. The U.S. military, expecting resistance by a “fanatically hostile population,” made preparations for between 1.7 and four million casualties with up to 800,000 dead. Between five and 10 million Japanese deaths were projected.
The Japanese leadership had no illusions that this final act of resistance would somehow lead to victory, but many in the high command were optimistic that a spirited defence might compel the Allies to negotiate a favourable peace rather than spend the resources and lives in such an epic fight.
Surrender
Fortunately, Downfall never happened. The two atom bombs, dropped nearly four months before the invasion was to begin, not to mention the Soviet Union’s declaration of war against Japan in August, brought the war to a swift conclusion. While the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki cost the lives of upwards of 250,000 Japanese civilians, historians agree that a protracted ground campaign would have killed millions.
More Downfall facts:
Here are some remarkable details about Operation Downfall:
- The Japanese homeland was going to be bitterly contested. Both side expected the other to use poison gas, yet neither had plans of their own to use chemical weapons.
- The U.S. strategy called for the assistance of British and Canadian troops brought in from the European theatre, along with a contingent of Australians. To ensure interoperability, MacArthur insisted that these units be trained in the U.S. in the months leading up to Coronet. Additionally, the Allied divisions would fight under a U.S.-style corps structure and the general wanted them to only use American equipment.
- MacArthur rejected the suggestion that a contingent of Indian troops be included in the order of battle, citing the language barrier as the main sticking point.
- The Manhattan Project was so secret that few involved in the planning of Downfall initially knew of the atom bombs’ existence. As details of the weapons were revealed in mid-1945, the invasion planners actually anticipated using them to directly support ground combat. In fact, the Pentagon planned for up to seven nukes be available for use in the campaign.
- Expecting heavy casualties, the U.S. military ordered the production of half a million Purple Heart citations in 1945. Since the war ended before the invasion, the American military put the medals into storage and has been drawing from the stockpile in every war since then. There are still nearly 100,000 Purple Hearts in the U.S. inventory left over from the production run prior to Downfall.
(Originally published on June 1, 2012)
Our most popular post so far. Wow!
Interesting blog! I’ll definitely drop by more often.
It would have been nice if you included a little map of Japan showing troop concentrations and movements, to make the plans a bit more visual. Other than that, good, well-written post.
Hi Paperfold: Thanks for the comments. I appreciate your interest. Here’s a link to a map that shows some of the battle plan. http://www.kilroywashere.org/006-Pages/Invasion.html
No one can really say for sure the invasion(s) would have occurred – atomic bombs or not. One influence that may have a place here was the public sentiment back at the homefront. It is reported by experts (such as yourself) that MacArthur was seeking glory. On the other hand, if it weren’t for MacArthur, the Occupation of Japan may have gone terribly wrong.
As a matter of historical interest and in relation to one of your points, my grandmother did undergo training with a bamboo spear in Tokyo. The instructor was an older retired Army man.
Thanks again for the post. Amazing story about your grandmother!
I miss your comments about the Pacific War, Koji.
My father, in British RN , was headed to Japan, for a 5 year tour of duty as part of operations Olympic and Downfall. His ship was in, Indian Ocean when Japan surrendered and the mission became one of occupation, instead.
He and another sailor were called to the captain’s office, and given the choice of carrying on to Japan with ship, or picked up by tender sent out from Madras – to make their own way back to England.
No easy feat, as the Allied Fleet would all now be headed to Japan, if not still part of European theatre ! As the two longest serving sailors on board, they were given
first chance to go home…
As late as surrender time-even after the A-bombs had been dropped-a staff lieutenant colonel, related to the War Minister himself, was fervently convinced that even if the whole Japanese race were all but wiped out, its determination to preserve the National Polity would be forever recorded in the annals of man; whereas a people who sacrificed their will upon the altar of physical existence could never deserve resurrection. It would be useless for the people to survive the war, anyhow, if the structure of the State itself were destroyed. It was better to die than to seek ignominious “safety”.
At a climactic last Imperial Conference, War Minister Anami was still talking about going on with the war, of meting out a terrible blow to the enemy and achieving a good opportunity to end the war. Japan must press forward courageously, seeking Life in Death: certain victory was not assured, but neither was utter defeat. The terrain was working in favor of the defenders, and so was the inflexible national unity. But just in case a massive blow against the enemy proved not possible, it seemed appropriate for the name of Nippon to be inscribed forever in history by the annihilation of her 100 million loyal subjects, etc., etc. And tears welled into the eyes of the earnest War Minister.
When the Emperor, by a thrilling act of personal courage, opted for peace-and surrender-he too was weeping. He reminded his stunned auditors that ever since the outbreak of the war there had been frequent cases when Army and Navy actions differed from plans. Now the armed forces were preparing for decisive battle in the homeland and were claiming that the prospects of victory were satisfactory.
He was profoundly troubled, continued the Emperor. What would happen if Japan plunged into decisive battle under such circumstances? The entire race would be obliterated, and this would be a betrayal of the trust of ancestors and the duty toward posterity, lest Japan never again rise. Continuation of the war, then, could only serve to cripple Japan, extinguish civilization, and bring misfortune to mankind.
The Japanese Emperor’s decision to end the war, under enormous external and internal pressure, obviated the American landings and the hemorrhage that was bound to occur soon on the beaches of Miyazaki, Satsuma, and Ariake. Not only would five US ground divisions, etc., be saved from the destruction at sea which the Japanese resolutely promised them, but untold thousands of Japanese would not die either-such as squadrons of kamikaze pilots and sailors with one way tickets to the shrine of heroes at Yasukuni; or the women and children clutching pitiful staves and bamboo spears.
— Dr. Alan C. Coox, “Olympic vs. Ketsu-Go”, Marine Corps Gazette, August 1965, Vol. 49, No. 8.
My mother was 10 in 1945, living in Yanai, Japan, and was being taught to use a bamboo spear also. She was told to run toward American soldiers with a grenade in her hands rather than throwing it, since she couldn’t throw very well. One day she saw a flash over the hills to the northeast, it was the Hiroshima bomb. I’ve always believed Fat Man and Little Boy saved her life.
Amazing story! Thanks for telling us.
I worked with a survivor of Hiroshima- a British sailor captured on a Pacific Island & shipped back to Japan as they withdrew under US attack. Fred was imprisoned not very far from ground zero, in a reinforced concrete cell with a tiny window & heavy steel door. Ironically this saved his life. Fred told me ‘there was this huge bang after the flash, then nobody came for several days- we didn’t know what had happened until the Americans came & released us.’ All the Japanese guards & officials died in their offices.
A miracle. St.@martyr(in Auschwitz) Fr.Maximilian Kolbe’s -who built it while being there as a missionary- chaple also survived the blast
My high school physics teacher was a PW in a camp outside of Nagasaki. he said they all survived because they were “in the mine” when the bomb was dropped.
He was a crew chief on B25s, stayed ion the Air Force Reserve after the war, retired as a Lieutenant Colonel.
Some may find it incongruous that a Nagasaki survivor was the weapons officer on B58 Hustlers…
The three conventionally configured Australian divisions (6th, 7th & 9th) would not have gone to the US first.
Largely because they had been fighting alongside the US Army in New Guinea and eastern Indonesia since the US finally entered World War II in early 1942 (following Pearl Harbour in December 1941).
The 6th & 7th Divisions had previously fought in North Africa and Greece in 1940-41, the 7th also in Lebanon and Syria in 1941, and the 9th in North Africa from 1941 until late 1942.
Other Australian divisions configured for jungle warfare (3rd, 5th, 10th & 11th) were still busy in New Guinea, New Britain & Bouganville in 1945.
In June & July 1945 the Australians (ably supported by the RAN & RAAF and the USN & USAAF) conducted the last major ground offensive of World War II, the Operation Oboe amphibious landings in Borneo by the 6th, 7th and 9th Divisions.
It was not until 1944 that Macarthur had more US than Australian troops under his command as Supreme Allied Commander of the South West Pacific Area.
After Japan’s surrender, the British Commonwealth contingent to the allied occupation force in Japan was always commanded by an Australian and was Australian-heavy in terms of land and air forces. Somewhat ironically, the Australian sector was centred on Hiroshima.
Two good novels about Operation Downfall are:
Death is Lighter Than a Feather, by Donald Westheimer
The Burning Mountain, by Alfred Coppel
Both out of print, alas, although available used on Amazon, but not on Kindle… yet…
Japan had offered to surrender months before the two bombs were dropped, so long at the Emperor and his government could remain. The Americans refused, until the Soviets began to invade Japan. Then the Americans accepted this conditional surrender, the day after the two bombs were dropped.
operation downfall could been awesome if geogre washington, andrew jackson, napeleon, robert e. lee and ulysses s grant show up to help the allies.